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This July, Planet Earth experienced its two warmest days on record, and it鈥檚 likely that 2024 will end up as the warmest year ever, according to a new report by , the European Union's Climate Change Service.听
Cities in particular tend to be especially hot. In urban areas, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) explains, buildings, roads and other infrastructure absorb and re-release the sun鈥檚 heat. These structures along with a lack of greenery create 鈥heat islands鈥 of higher temperatures compared to outlying areas. New York City has already experienced a couple of heat waves, with more predicted throughout the summer. Heat-related illnesses are predicted to rise as well.听
The Emergency Medicine Department at 麻豆高清 reports that this summer so far, there have been more ER visits than usual because of heat-related illness. Still, there are ways New Yorkers can stay safe when temperatures soar.听听
Before discussing illness, let鈥檚 talk about heat itself. What matters most is the heat index, which combines temperature and humidity. The heat index helps us gauge how hot it really feels outside.听听
The CDC now offers a . Just put in your zip code, and it will tell you your risk of health issues in your particular area (from little/no risk to extreme risk).听
Heat illness is actually a spectrum that includes heat cramps, the mildest form, followed by heat exhaustion and heat stroke鈥攖he most severe form.听
Heat cramps, the mildest form of heat-related illness, comes with painful muscle cramps or spasms. If you experience heat cramps, do the following:
Heat cramps don鈥檛 require you to go to the ER.听
Heat exhaustion is a moderate form of heat illness and results from the loss of salt and water. Its symptoms may include:听
If you experience these, start hydrating and move to a cool area. You may need to go to the ER,听 especially if you fainted or have any medical conditions. You may need IV fluids, blood tests and further work-up.听
Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat illness and a medical emergency. A bystander should call 911, and the patient should go to the ER鈥攑robably by ambulance.听
Symptoms include:听
If you witness a person experiencing these, move them to a cool shaded area, if possible. Apply wet or damp cloths to their skin and call 911 immediately.听
In the ER, bringing down the body temperature of a patient with heat stroke is the first order of business, says Dr. Alexis Halpern, an Assistant Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine and Assistant Attending Physician at 麻豆高清. 鈥淭he ER has ice water and other cooling mechanisms immediately available to place around patients. We also use IV fluids to bring the temperature down, and keep a close eye as the temperature improves to make sure the patient is okay.鈥听
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), infants, children, older adults and outdoor workers are at greater risk for heat-related illness than healthy adults. People with chronic conditions, especially those over 65, are also more vulnerable to the effects of the heat.听
The CDC names the following additional risk factors for heat-related illness:听
During the hot summer months, it鈥檚 easy to lose water through perspiration鈥the body鈥檚 natural cooling system. But we may lose more of it than we take in if we don鈥檛 drink enough fluids. Babies and younger children as well as older adults are at highest risk of becoming dehydrated.听
For the youngest among us, the 颁顿颁鈥檚 guidelines vary, depending on a child鈥檚 activity level, size and age:听
Infants over 6 months who are eating solid food generally need much less water than older children: about 2 to 8 ounces a day.听
If you鈥檙e an older adult, aim for at least eight 8-ounce cups per day. However, that recommendation may vary depending on your gender, age and activity level.听听
The easiest way to see if your child is hydrated is to check their urine. It it鈥檚 dark yellow, orange or brown, they鈥檙e dehydrated. Look for pale yellow, experts say.听
The signs and symptoms of mild dehydration may also include dizziness, light-headedness and less urine overall. Fewer wet diapers may also be a sign that your infant or toddler is dehydrated.听
Severe hydration in both children and adults causes the following:听
Depending on your level of concern, go to the ER so that you, or your child, can be properly diagnosed and treated.听
Your doctor may recommend that you or your child drink an oral rehydration solution, which is a mix of water and electrolytes such as potassium and sodium. You can purchase oral rehydration solution at your local pharmacy.听听
Two widely used over-the-counter medications can interfere with the body鈥檚 signals and processes that serve to keep a person cool during hot weather: decongestants (such as phenylephrine) and antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine).听
Certain prescription medications, too, are associated with abnormally high body temperature. These include several anti-psychotics, blood pressure medications, stimulants and certain anti-depressants.听听
Speak with your doctor about safety precautions if you鈥檙e taking medication in one or more of these categories, Dr. Halpern says.听
As for illicit drugs, stay away from stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine. These change your heart rate, blood pressure and metabolic activity, which can increase your risk for heat-related illness.听
She suggests the following preventive tips, which will help you and your children stay safe when the heat and humidity stoke the next heat wave in the New York Metropolitan Area:听听
In June, Mayor Adams announced the opening of 500 cooling centers across the city, located in public spaces such as libraries and community centers. To find one in your neighborhood, go to the New York State Department of Health鈥檚 , which features a map and guide to cooling centers in your zip code.听听
If you have to work outside, as construction workers do, drink plenty of fluids throughout the day. Don鈥檛 wait until you鈥檙e thirsty. Do it as a matter of self-protection. But don鈥檛 drink alcohol or beverages containing large amounts of sugar.听听
The CDC also recommends wearing sunscreen and reapplying it throughout the day.听
If you're experiencing symptoms of heat-related illnesses and need to speak with a provider, schedule a Video Visit or access Virtual Urgent Care.